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藥物不良反應案例討論─疑似diclofenac引起之Stevens-Johnson syndrome

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資料來源:三總藥訊(98年11月版)
作者:藥物諮詢室 盧孟珊藥師


<案例說明>
病人為年齡1歲5個月之男童,過去病史為herpangina with dehydration and gastro-intestinal upset(9705), diaper rash (9803), intussusception, ileal-cecal type status post hydrostatic reduction twice (9803),acute gastroenteritis (9803)等。98年4月因高燒無法進食,家人自行給予diclofenac成分肛門栓劑(12.5 mg/supp)1顆後,出現輕微眼皮腫;後因高燒問題至急診,於急診觀察期間因發燒再度投與Valtafen®栓劑 (diclofenac12.5 mg/supp) 0.75顆後出現眼皮腫、結膜發紅、臉部紅疹,急診醫師給予IV Diphenhydramini® 30mg inj治療後,臉部紅疹消退,眼皮腫及結膜發紅則持續。因發燒問題未解決安排入院,住院第二日開始出現咽峽炎合併肌躍性抽搐、心跳加快、嗜睡,初步懷疑為腸病毒重症,也無法排除為 Kawasaki disease,開始使用IVIG 1g/kg/day治療;因併發症狀持續性出現(結膜侵蝕,口腔潰瘍,嘴唇潰爛,皮膚出現標靶狀水泡病徵,尿道口及肛門口皮膚有水泡及破皮),陸續會診小兒科、眼科、皮膚科等多方評估,住院診療第四天確診為Stevens-Johnsonsyndrome,轉入小兒加護病房照護,並給予靜脈投與IVIG 2g/kg/day 三天療程,後續除症狀支持療法外廣效性抗生素改投與Kefadim®(Ceftazidime 400 mg Q8H IV),並嚴格控制感染,至狀況穩定可正常餵食後出院持續門診追蹤。

<討論>
史帝文生-強生症候群 (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, SJS)及毒性表皮壞死溶解症(Toxic epidermal necrolysis, TEN)通常會一起被提及,此皮膚不良反應大部分是由藥物所引起,會產生大型水泡且擴散至整個顏面及身體,另外也會有黏膜發炎及表皮脫落的症狀,SJS 及TEN 差異在於皮膚受影響的程度,一般的定義為表皮脫落範圍大於身體表面積的10%即診斷為SJS,若大於身體表面積的30%則診斷為TEN,若受影響的表面積介於10%~30%則診斷為過渡SJS-TEN(transitional SJSTEN)。SJS於國外盛行率據統計約每年每百萬人發生1.2-6件案例1
SJS治療原則2
1. 停止使用任何懷疑藥物。
2. 安排燒傷加護或加護中心照護。
3. 症狀治療準則與嚴重燙傷病人準則相同:保持溫暖環境、維持電解質平衡、避免脫水及預防敗
血症和感染。
4. 避免繼續使用corticosteroid類藥品。
5. 若有確認感染或敗血症症狀則以廣效性抗生素治療。
6. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 治療原則:
a. 1 g/kg/day for 3 days infused over 4 hours if within 48-72 hours of bulla onset.
b. IVIG may still be useful if ≥ 72 hours since bulla onset, but patient still actively progressing with new lesions.
7. 針對眼部、上呼吸道症狀,或其他病症應會同眼科、ENT等各專科共同處理,制定症狀性療法。
8. 避免磺胺類藥物使用。
雖然SJS發生率很低,然而由文獻得知,NSAIDs中之acetic acid屬於較易引起SJS或是TEN的藥品之ㄧ(表一)。衛生署藥物不良反應通報中心最新公佈的97年度ADR最常通報之可疑藥品前10名中(表二),排名第二的diclofenac在回報統計資料內也有SJS的藥物不良反應。
提醒醫療人員對於使用可能導致SJS之藥物的病人,在臨床照護時若發現類似的徵兆需有警覺性 並把握處理時機。
表一、較易引起SJS或TEN之藥物2

藥理分類 藥物名稱
  cotrimoxazole
Other anti-infect. Sulfonamides sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, sulfafurazole
  allopurinol
  carbamazepine
  lamotrigine
Tetracyclines minocycline, doxycycline, metacycline
  nevirapine
  pantoprazole
  phenytoin
  phenobarbital
  sertraline
  tramadol
Oxicam-NSAIDs meloxicam, piroxicam, tenoxicam
Acetic acid NSAIDs diclofenac, indomethacin, lonazolac, etodolac, aceclofenac, sulindac, keterolac
Macrolides azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, pristinamycin, roxithromycin, spiramycin
Quinolones ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin
Cephalosporins cefalexin, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefixime, cefonicide, cefotiam, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime
Aminopenicillins amoxicillin, bacampicillin

表二、行政院衛生署ADR 最常通報之可疑藥品前10名(97 年度)3
 

懷疑藥品
通報個案數 百分比 主要症狀
Ketorolac 245 3.07% Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Pruritus, Dyspnoea, Swelling face, Anaphylactic shock,
Chest discomfort, Hypersensitivity, Rash generalised
Diclofenac 189 2.37% Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Pruritus, Urticaria, Swelling face, Stevens-Johnson
syndrome, Angioedema, Dyspnoea, Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
Docetaxel 136 1.71% Febrile neutropenia, Neutropenia, Pyrexia, Diarrhoea, Anaemia, Leukopenia, Pneumonia,
Acute myocardial infarction, Haemoptysis, Nausea
Diatrizoic acid 124 124 Rash, Nausea, Urticaria, Vomiting, Flushing,
Pruritus, Dizziness, Sneezing, Anaphylactic
reaction, Anaphylactic shock
Phenytoin 119 1.49% Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Rash generalised, Hepatitis, Toxic skin eruption, Drug
rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Blister,
Dizziness, Drug eruption
Vancomycin 117 1.47% Rash, Red man syndrome, Renal failure acute, Flushing, Erythema, Nephropathy toxic, Rash
generalised, Pruritus, Rash erythematous, Rash morbilliform
Iothalamic acid 104 1.30% Rash, Vomiting, Urticaria, Pruritus, Nausea, Dyspnoea, Anaphylactic shock, Cough,
Sneezing,Throat irritation
Cefazolin 102 1.28% Rash, Anaphylactic shock, Pruritus, Dyspnoea, Urticaria, Erythema, Rash generalised,Angioedema,Drug eruption, Hypersensitivity
Acetylsalicylic acid 101 1.27% Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, Urticaria, Pruritus, Angioedema, Dyspnoea, Oedema peripheral, Anaphylactic reaction
Peginterferon alfa-2a 97 1.22% Therapeutic response decreased, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Drug ineffective, Anaemia, Fatigue, Pruritus, White blood cell count decreased, Haemoglobin decreased, Liver function test abnormal, Platelet count decreased

<參考資料>


1. French LE. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: our current understanding. Allergol Int. 2006
Mar;55(1):9-16.
2. DynaMed® 線上醫學資料庫,2009 edition,EBSCOhost。
3. 行政院衛生署藥物不良反應通報系統,ADR 資料統計,http://adr.doh.gov.tw 2009.10