資料來源:三總藥訊(98年11月版)
作者:藥物諮詢室 盧孟珊藥師
<案例說明>
病人為年齡1歲5個月之男童,過去病史為herpangina with dehydration and gastro-intestinal upset(9705), diaper rash (9803), intussusception, ileal-cecal type status post hydrostatic reduction twice (9803),acute gastroenteritis (9803)等。98年4月因高燒無法進食,家人自行給予diclofenac成分肛門栓劑(12.5 mg/supp)1顆後,出現輕微眼皮腫;後因高燒問題至急診,於急診觀察期間因發燒再度投與Valtafen®栓劑 (diclofenac12.5 mg/supp) 0.75顆後出現眼皮腫、結膜發紅、臉部紅疹,急診醫師給予IV Diphenhydramini® 30mg inj治療後,臉部紅疹消退,眼皮腫及結膜發紅則持續。因發燒問題未解決安排入院,住院第二日開始出現咽峽炎合併肌躍性抽搐、心跳加快、嗜睡,初步懷疑為腸病毒重症,也無法排除為 Kawasaki disease,開始使用IVIG 1g/kg/day治療;因併發症狀持續性出現(結膜侵蝕,口腔潰瘍,嘴唇潰爛,皮膚出現標靶狀水泡病徵,尿道口及肛門口皮膚有水泡及破皮),陸續會診小兒科、眼科、皮膚科等多方評估,住院診療第四天確診為Stevens-Johnsonsyndrome,轉入小兒加護病房照護,並給予靜脈投與IVIG 2g/kg/day 三天療程,後續除症狀支持療法外廣效性抗生素改投與Kefadim®(Ceftazidime 400 mg Q8H IV),並嚴格控制感染,至狀況穩定可正常餵食後出院持續門診追蹤。
<討論>
史帝文生-強生症候群 (Stevens-Johnson syndrome, SJS)及毒性表皮壞死溶解症(Toxic epidermal necrolysis, TEN)通常會一起被提及,此皮膚不良反應大部分是由藥物所引起,會產生大型水泡且擴散至整個顏面及身體,另外也會有黏膜發炎及表皮脫落的症狀,SJS 及TEN 差異在於皮膚受影響的程度,一般的定義為表皮脫落範圍大於身體表面積的10%即診斷為SJS,若大於身體表面積的30%則診斷為TEN,若受影響的表面積介於10%~30%則診斷為過渡SJS-TEN(transitional SJSTEN)。SJS於國外盛行率據統計約每年每百萬人發生1.2-6件案例1。
SJS治療原則2:
1. 停止使用任何懷疑藥物。
2. 安排燒傷加護或加護中心照護。
3. 症狀治療準則與嚴重燙傷病人準則相同:保持溫暖環境、維持電解質平衡、避免脫水及預防敗
血症和感染。
4. 避免繼續使用corticosteroid類藥品。
5. 若有確認感染或敗血症症狀則以廣效性抗生素治療。
6. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) 治療原則:
a. 1 g/kg/day for 3 days infused over 4 hours if within 48-72 hours of bulla onset.
b. IVIG may still be useful if ≥ 72 hours since bulla onset, but patient still actively progressing with new lesions.
7. 針對眼部、上呼吸道症狀,或其他病症應會同眼科、ENT等各專科共同處理,制定症狀性療法。
8. 避免磺胺類藥物使用。
雖然SJS發生率很低,然而由文獻得知,NSAIDs中之acetic acid屬於較易引起SJS或是TEN的藥品之ㄧ(表一)。衛生署藥物不良反應通報中心最新公佈的97年度ADR最常通報之可疑藥品前10名中(表二),排名第二的diclofenac在回報統計資料內也有SJS的藥物不良反應。
提醒醫療人員對於使用可能導致SJS之藥物的病人,在臨床照護時若發現類似的徵兆需有警覺性 並把握處理時機。
表一、較易引起SJS或TEN之藥物2
藥理分類 | 藥物名稱 |
cotrimoxazole | |
Other anti-infect. Sulfonamides | sulfasalazine, sulfadiazine, sulfadoxine, sulfafurazole |
allopurinol | |
carbamazepine | |
lamotrigine | |
Tetracyclines | minocycline, doxycycline, metacycline |
nevirapine | |
pantoprazole | |
phenytoin | |
phenobarbital | |
sertraline | |
tramadol | |
Oxicam-NSAIDs | meloxicam, piroxicam, tenoxicam |
Acetic acid NSAIDs | diclofenac, indomethacin, lonazolac, etodolac, aceclofenac, sulindac, keterolac |
Macrolides | azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, pristinamycin, roxithromycin, spiramycin |
Quinolones | ciprofloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin |
Cephalosporins | cefalexin, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefixime, cefonicide, cefotiam, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime |
Aminopenicillins | amoxicillin, bacampicillin |
表二、行政院衛生署ADR 最常通報之可疑藥品前10名(97 年度)3
通報個案數 | 百分比 | 主要症狀 | |
Ketorolac | 245 | 3.07% | Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Pruritus, Dyspnoea, Swelling face, Anaphylactic shock, Chest discomfort, Hypersensitivity, Rash generalised |
Diclofenac | 189 | 2.37% | Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Pruritus, Urticaria, Swelling face, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Angioedema, Dyspnoea, Gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
Docetaxel | 136 | 1.71% | Febrile neutropenia, Neutropenia, Pyrexia, Diarrhoea, Anaemia, Leukopenia, Pneumonia, Acute myocardial infarction, Haemoptysis, Nausea |
Diatrizoic acid | 124 | 124 | Rash, Nausea, Urticaria, Vomiting, Flushing, Pruritus, Dizziness, Sneezing, Anaphylactic reaction, Anaphylactic shock |
Phenytoin | 119 | 1.49% | Rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Rash generalised, Hepatitis, Toxic skin eruption, Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Blister, Dizziness, Drug eruption |
Vancomycin | 117 | 1.47% | Rash, Red man syndrome, Renal failure acute, Flushing, Erythema, Nephropathy toxic, Rash generalised, Pruritus, Rash erythematous, Rash morbilliform |
Iothalamic acid | 104 | 1.30% | Rash, Vomiting, Urticaria, Pruritus, Nausea, Dyspnoea, Anaphylactic shock, Cough, Sneezing,Throat irritation |
Cefazolin | 102 | 1.28% | Rash, Anaphylactic shock, Pruritus, Dyspnoea, Urticaria, Erythema, Rash generalised,Angioedema,Drug eruption, Hypersensitivity |
Acetylsalicylic acid | 101 | 1.27% | Rash, Eye swelling, Eyelid oedema, Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, Urticaria, Pruritus, Angioedema, Dyspnoea, Oedema peripheral, Anaphylactic reaction |
Peginterferon alfa-2a | 97 | 1.22% | Therapeutic response decreased, Alanine aminotransferase increased, Drug ineffective, Anaemia, Fatigue, Pruritus, White blood cell count decreased, Haemoglobin decreased, Liver function test abnormal, Platelet count decreased |
<參考資料>
1. French LE. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: our current understanding. Allergol Int. 2006
Mar;55(1):9-16.
2. DynaMed® 線上醫學資料庫,2009 edition,EBSCOhost。
3. 行政院衛生署藥物不良反應通報系統,ADR 資料統計,http://adr.doh.gov.tw 2009.10